20 Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, et al, on behalf of the ATLAS Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). The natural history of congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. 17 McKee PA, Castelli WP, McNamara PM, et al. The California automated mortality linkage system. 16 Arellano M, Peterson G, Petitti DB, et al. Evaluation and interference study of hemoglobin A1c measured by turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay. 15 Chang J, Hoke C, Ettinger B, et al. Estimation of the concentration of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. 14 Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrikson DS. Excess costs of medical care for patients with diabetes in a managed care population. The Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry. Excess maternal transmission of type 2 diabetes. 12 Karter AJ, Rowell SE, Ackerson LM, et al. 
Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Special Emphasis Panel on Heart Failure Research.
11 Cohn JN, Bristow MR, Chien KR, et al. Role of diabetes in congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. 10 Kannel WB, Hjortland M, Castelli WP. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. 9 Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study. 8 Turner RC, Millns H, Neil HA, et al. Glycemic control and the risk for coronary heart disease in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the Finnish studies. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. 6 Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. 
Intensive blood glucose control with sulfonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33).
5 UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Carlos Gavazzi PDI 40 trial#
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus in Egypt: glycaemic control and microvascular and neuropathic complications.
3 Herman WH, Aubert RE, Engelgau MM, et al. The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Although the association was stronger in men than in women, no differences existed by heart failure pathogenesis or hypertension status.Ĭonclusions-These results confirm previous evidence that poor glycemic control may be associated with an increased risk of heart failure among adult patients with diabetes. 
An Hb A Ic ≥10, relative to Hb A Ic <7, was associated with 1.56-fold (95% CI 1.26 to 1.93) greater risk of heart failure.
After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, obesity, use of β-blockers and ACE inhibitors, type and duration of diabetes, and incidence of interim myocardial infarction, each 1% increase in Hb A Ic was associated with an 8% increased risk of heart failure (95% CI 5% to 12%). There were a total of 935 events (516 among men 419 among women). Participants were 25 958 men and 22 900 women with (predominantly type 2) diabetes, ≥19 years old, with no known history of heart failure. Methods and Results-A cohort design was used with baseline between January 1, 1995, and June 30, 1996, and follow-up through Decem(median 2.2 years). We examined the association between hemoglobin (Hb) A Ic and the risk of heart failure hospitalization and/or death in a population-based sample of adult patients with diabetes and assessed whether this association differed by patient sex, heart failure pathogenesis, and hypertension status. Customer Service and Ordering Informationīackground-Glycemic control is associated with microvascular events, but its effect on the risk of heart failure is not well understood.Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology.Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA).Circ: Cardiovascular Quality & Outcomes.Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB).
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