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In these types of industries, the threat of potential rivals generally reduces the to be had from collusive behavior. In addition, the incentive for members to cheat on their agreements is often high, and this can lead to further disputes and difficulties maintaining cartel unity.Cartels also do not last long in industries with low barriers to entry. Also, demand volatility usually leads to disagreements within cartels regarding limits on output and capacity. This is why cartels are more effective in the short term over the long term, prices often become as consumers find cheaper substitutes for the product. One of the world's best-known cartels is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).Cartels are most effective when the demand for the cartel's product is not very price sensitive. Why It MattersFederal laws, most notably the Sherman Act, make cartels and collusive activity illegal in the United States. However, prices are usually well above those that exist in purely competitive markets. These agreements may be formal or they may consist of simple recognition that competitive behavior would be harmful to the industry.Ironically, each member of a cartel has an economic incentive to cheat on any collusive agreements that are reached. Members also often agree on production quotas to keep supply levels down and prices up. These circumstances give oligopolies strong incentive to collude in order to maximize their joint.Members of a cartel generally agree to avoid various competitive practices, especially price reductions. When oligopolies compete on price, for example, they tend to drive the product's price throughout the entire industry down to the cost of production, thereby lowering profits for all producers in the. This small production base means that each producer must evaluate its rivals' potential reactions to certain business decisions. How It WorksCartels tend to spring from oligopolistic industries, where a few companies or countries generate the entire supply of a product.
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